Guns and Teen Violence and Death Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ess

Each year, guns end the lives of thousands of young people. Families and friends are left to cope with the loss of a life lived and to have a future overshadowed by the violence. Nearly 80% of all teenage deaths are the result of violence like homicides, suicides motor vehicle crashes and other unintentional injury( â€Å"Risk and Protective†).Teenage violence has gone up almost 300% in the last thirty years (â€Å"Teenage Violence in America†,1) and it is still rising. In 1998, among youth ages 10 to 19 in the United States, there were 2,601 homicide deaths, and homicide was the second leading cause of death for the age group (â€Å" Youth Violence Statistics†). Also in 1999, 1,763 youth under 18 were arrested for homicide in the United States ( â€Å"Youth Violence Statistics†). After reading these two statistics there is only one conclusion you could come to. Our young people today are out of control. Teenagers have our world in the palm of their hand and they are slowly destroying our wonderful communities all around the world. It is now generally believed that multiple factors combine to contribute to and shape behavior over the course of adolescent development. Studies suggest it is the confluence to certain â€Å"risk† factors that contribute to violent behavior and the existence of certain â€Å"protective† factors that create resiliency. Risk factors are generally defined as scientifically established factors or determinants for which there is strong objective evidence of causal relationship to a problem. Protective factors are those that potentially decrease the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors. Both of these factors can influence the level of risk an indicial experience or can moderate the relationship between the risk and the outcome of behavior (â€Å"Risk and Protective Factors†). Researchers have come up with what they call The Ecological Model. In these model there are four levels of factors that they say contributes to the behavior of an individual (â€Å"Risk and Protective†). The first level is Environmental. This level plays an important role in creating conditions that can contribute to a culture of violence among a particular group of people or in given community (â€Å"Risk and Protective†). The environmental factors are those that consider larger issue such as social values and the impact of the media policy of... ...re was an interview with a man whose son was just killed. In the interview the reporter said â€Å"You know, you did everything right. Your son went to the best school. He was an athlete and a scholar. He had a scholarship for college. He was well liked by everyone and he did everything right yet he was killed.† The man then looked up and he said â€Å"I forgot to do one thing. I forgot to raise the other children† ( Prothrow, 2). After I read that I just wanted to cry. Parents are taking the blame for their children’s death when they should not be. A parent can only do so much and it is up to that child to choose how to use what their parents gave them. Every parent in America should realize that as long as they are doing their part it is not their fault. It is not a parent’s responsibility to raise the whole world. It is just their responsibility to raise their own and do a good job with that. To prevent teen violence, there are many obstacles that must be overcome. Children need to be brought up in a safe healthy environment. We need to emphasize youth and community evolvement and we need to have classes to teach out children responsibility and confidence.

Effects of Migration and Other Evolutionary Processes on Allele

Effects of migration and other evolutionary processes on allele frequency and fitness Life originated from a common ancestor and due to various mechanisms of evolution, the genotype of organisms has changed. Mutation, migration, genetic drift and selection are natural processes of evolution that affect genetic diversity. Mutations are spontaneous changes in genomic sequences (Robert, et al. , 2006); it is one of the processes that influence allele frequency. A mutation can either have a positive, negative or a neutral effect on an organism’s fitness.When organisms of the same species exhibit different phenotypes, the organism is polymorphic for that particular trait. A beneficial mutation that gives rise to polymorphic traits can improve the chance of survival. For example, the grove snail, Cepaea nemoralis, is famous for the rich polymorphism of its shell. A mutation in the locus responsible for colour produces different shell colours, ranging from yellow, pink, white and bro wn (Ozgo, 2005). Snails with brown shells are found in beechwoods where the soil is dark.Snails with brown shells are able to camouflage with the soil, thus avoiding being detected by predators (Jones, et al, 1977). As a result of avoiding predation, the frequency of alleles that code for brown shells will increase. However, according to the hitchhiking model, fixation of a beneficial mutation will decrease the diversity at linked loci (Chevin, et al. , 2008). If a new mutation increases the fitness of members of a particular species, a strong selective sweep on allele frequency will result to very few haplotypes existing in the population.The frequency of alleles that are positively selected and those that are closely linked will increase, but the other alleles will decrease. A mutation can be neutral, having neither a beneficial effect nor a negative effect. However, some mutations are lethal because they have a negative effect on fitness. The accumulation of deleterious mutations and the prevention of recombination reduce the fitness of individuals (Muller's ratchet). Experiment carried out on asexual and sexual yeast strains showed that sexually reproducing parts of the genome improved survival than asexually reproducing parts (Zeyl and Bell, 1997).Asexual strains decreased overtime because of Muller’s ratchet. On the contrary, sexual strains were able to stop the build-up of deleterious mutation due to recombination between chromosomes. Mutation in collagen-I gene is another example of lethal mutation reducing fitness. Collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, it is one of the major components of blood vessels. An experiment carried out on mouse embryonic stem cells showed that mutation in collagen-I gene impairs the function of collagen-I (Lohler, et al. 1984). During the experiment, 13 embryos died because a mutation in mouse collagen-I gene caused the major blood vessels to rupture. According to background selection m odel, because a deleterious mutation reduces the fitness of individuals, deleterious mutations are selected against (Innan and Stephan, 2003); this will decrease the allele frequency of a population. Genetic drift is a stochastic process that refers to the fluctuations of genotype frequencies (Maynard, 1998); alleles are either fixed or permanently lost from the population.Due to the randomness of the process, genetic drift can eliminate beneficial alleles that could have improved survival. Genetic drift can also eliminate lethal alleles from a population and therefore improve survival rate. Genetic drift has larger effect on small populations than a large population (Maynard, 1998); this is because the rate of allele fixation or elimination is faster in a small population compared to a large population. Moreover, population bottleneck is an evolutionary process that increases the effect of genetic drift; it involves random events that prevent species from reproducing (van-Heerwaard en, et al. 2008). Population bottleneck decreases allele frequency and it reduces a population’s ability to adapt to new environmental pressures. For example, the current cheetah populations have low genetic diversity caused by a demographic bottleneck that occurred 10,000 years ago (Charruau, et al. , 2011). The surviving cheetah populations are not representative of the original cheetah population because they have less variation (founder effect). Due to low genetic diversity and less adaptation skills, the modern cheetah population is close to extinction. Natural selection is another evolutionary process that changes allele frequency.Organisms with advantageous alleles survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of the advantageous alleles. Individuals with disadvantageous alleles do not survive or reproduce and therefore the frequency of the disadvantageous alleles is reduced or eliminated from the population (William and Michael, 2003). Biston betularia (peppered mot hs) is a common example used to demonstrated natural selection (Saccheri, et al. , 2008). Before the industrial revolution, non-melanic peppered moths avoided predators by camouflaging with lichen-covered trees.Their ability to camouflage improved the rate of survival which increased the frequency of non-melanic alleles. Melanic peppered moths were not able to camouflage with the lichen trees, as a result, melanic moths were detected and predated by the song thrushes. This decreased the frequency of alleles that gave rise to melanic peppered moths. However, during the industrial revolution period, symbiotic lichens living on trees were killed because smog and soot were released when coal and other materials were burnt.As a consequence of the tree trunks becoming more visible, non-melanic peppered moths were more susceptible to predation because they were unable to camouflage with the trees. The ability to camouflage helped melanic moths to survive and reproduce, changing the populat ion allele frequency from mostly non-melanic alleles to mostly melanic alleles (Saccheri, et al. , 2008). Migration of species from one place to another can increase the rate of gene flow. Gene flow is the transfer of gene from one population to another (William and Michael, 2003); it changes the allele frequency of a population.The effect of migration on the gene pool of a population depends on the rate of migration. Various studies have shown that migration rate is not the same for all species (Tajima, 1990). Species with low migration rate will have less DNA polymorphism and species with high migration rate will have more polymorphic alleles (Tajima, 1990). The benefit of plant migration, which increases the chance of hybridization between plant species, can be demonstrated by examining the adaptation skills of Iris species. Iris nelsonii is a species of hybrid origin, with traces of I. fulva, I. hexagona and I. revicaulis. I. nelsonii picked up characteristics that are not prese nt in the parent population. For example, I. nelsnii can grow in sunny wet conditions whereas the parents can either grow in sunny dry conditions or wet and shady conditions (Taylor, et al, 2011). Given that I. nelsonii can survive in challenging environments, the allele frequency of the advantageous traits will increase. Furthermore, another benefit of gene flow through means of hybridization can be demonstrated by analyzing the genetic variation of Tragopogan species. Hybridization between T. dubious and T. pratensis produces T. iscellus, an allotetraploid that has multiple enzymes needed for various biochemical pathways (Tate, et al. , 2006). Hybridisation enabled T. miscellus and T. pratensis to survive because they were able to exploit the gene pool of both parents. However, migration can also have negative effects on survival. Given that I. nelsonii will exist in niches that parents cannot live in, gene flow between the hybrid and its progenitors will be reduced. If I. nelsoni i does not have alleles that can resists infection caused by parasites, an outbreak of a pathogenic disease can wipe out the entire I. nelsonii species.Although some evolutionary processes eliminate alleles from a population, multiple alleles can be maintained through frequency-dependent balancing selection (Matessi and Schneider, 2009). In negative frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes less common. An example of negative frequency-dependent selection is in the case of Cepaea nemoralis. C. nemoralis are regularly predated by song thrush birds called Turdus philomelos. These birds have a search pattern whereby it persists in targeting the most abundant morph, even if other morphs are available (Bond, 2007).If snails with yellow shells are common, then these snails will be eaten by song thrushes. As a result, the frequency of alleles that code for yellow shells will decrease. The fitness of other morphs such as pink, white and brown shells w ill increase because song thrushes would not search for rare coloured morphs. In conclusion, the four fundamental processes of evolution, mutation, genetic drift, natural selection and migration (gene flow), alters allele frequencies in populations. The consequences on survival fluctuate. Occasionally, altering allele frequency gives rise to traits that increases fitness.However, changing allele frequencies can also give rise to phenotypes that reduce fitness. Word count: 1390 Grade: A- My essay is easy to read and follow. I have given evidences and interpreted them where possible. I also gave examples from animals and plants to show that I have done outside reading. All of the points that were made are relevant as they ultimately answer4 the question e. g. whether the evolutionary processes increase of decrease allele frequency and fitness References Bond, AB, 2007. The evolution of color polymorphism: crypticity searching images, and apostatic selection.Annual Review Of Ecology Ev olution And Systemic, 38, pp. 489-514. Charruau, P. , Fernandes, C. , Orozco-ter Wengel, P. , Peters, J. , Hunter, L. , Ziaie, H. , Jourabchian, A. , Jowkar, H. , Schaller, G. , Ostrowski, S. , Vercammen, P. , Grange, T. , Schlotterer, C. , Kotze, A. , Geigl, EM. , Walzer, C. and Burger, PA. (2011). Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates. Molecular Ecology, 20, pp. 706-724. Chevin, LM. , Billiard, S. and Hospital, F. (2008).Hitchhiking both ways: Effect of two interfering selective sweeps on linked neutral variation. Genetics, 180, pp. 301-316. Innan, H. and Stephan, W. (2003). Distinguishing the Hitchhiking and Background Selection Models. Genetics, 165, pp. 2307-2312. Jones, J. S. , Leith, B. N. and Rawlings, P. (1977). Polymorphism in cepaea: a problem with too many solutions. Annual Reviews In Ecology And Systematics, 8, pp. 109–14. Lohler, J. , Timpl, R. and Jaenisch, R. (1984). Embronic lethal mutation in mouse collagen-I gene causes rupture of blood-vessels and is associated with erythropoietic and mesenchymal cell-death.Cell, 38, pp. 597-607. Matessi, C. and Schneider, KA. (2009). Optimization under frequency-dependent selection. Theoretical Population Biology, 76, pp. 1-12. Maynard, S. J. (1998). Evolutionary genetics. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Ozgo, M. (2005). Cepaea nemoralis (L. ) in southeastern Poland: Association of morph frequencies with habitat. Journal Of Molluscan Studies, 71, pp. 93-103. Saccheri, IJ. , Rousset, F. , Watts, PC. , Brakefield, PM. and Cook, LM. (2008). Selection and gene flow on a diminishing cline of melanic peppered moths.Proceedings Of The National Academy Of sciences Of The United States Of America, 105, pp. 16212-16217. Tajima, F. (1990). Relationship between migration and DNA polymorphism in a local-population. Genetics, 126, pp. 231-234. Tate, JA. , Ni, ZF. , Scheen, AC. , Koh, J. , Gilbert, CA. , Lefkowitz, D. , Chen, ZJ. , Soltis, PS. , Soltis, DE. (2006). Evolution and expression of homeologous loci in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae), a recent and reciprocally formed allopolyploid. Genetics, 173, pp. 1599-1611. Taylor, SJ. , Willard, RW. , Shaw, JP. , Dobson, MC. and Martin, NH. (2011).Differential response of the homoploid hybrid species iris nelsonii (iridaceae) and its progenitors to abiotic habitat conditions. American Journal Of Botany, 98, pp. 1309-1316. van Heerwaarden, B. , Willi, Y. , Kristensen, TN. and Hoffmann, AA. (2008). Population bottlenecks increase additive genetic variance but do not break a selection limit in rain forest Drosophila. Genetics, 179, pp. 2135-2146. William, S. K. and Michael, R. C. (2003). Concepts of genetics. 7th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited. Zeyl, C. and Bell, G. (1997). The advantage of sex in evolving yeast populations. Nature, 388, pp. 465-468.

Consumer Ethics -- Considerations in a Global Market

Many people around the world work to consider consumer ethics and  make ethical consumer choices in their everyday lives. They do this in response to the troubling conditions that plague global supply chains and the human-made climate crisis. Approaching these issues from a sociological standpoint, we can see that our consumer choices matter because they have sweeping economic, social, environmental, and political implications that reach far beyond the context of our everyday lives. In this sense, what we choose to consume matters very much, and it is possible to be a conscientious, ethical consumer. However, is it necessarily this simple? When we broaden the critical lens through which we examine consumption, we see a more complicated picture. In this view, global capitalism and consumerism have created crises of ethics that make it very difficult to frame any form of consumption as ethical. Key Takeaways: Ethical Consumerism What we buy is often related to our cultural and educational capital, and consumption patterns can reinforce existing social hierarchies.One perspective suggests that consumerism may be at odds with ethical behavior, as consumerism seems to bring about a self-centered mentality.Although the choices we make as consumers do matter, a better strategy may be to strive for ethical citizenship rather than merely ethical consumption. Consumption and the Politics of Class At the center of this problem is that consumption is tangled up in the politics of class in some troubling ways. In his study of consumer culture in France, Pierre Bourdieu found that consumer habits tend to reflect the amount of cultural and educational capital one has and also the economic class position of one’s family. This would be a neutral outcome if the resulting consumer practices were not slotted into a hierarchy of tastes, with wealthy, formally educated people at the top, and the poor and not formally educated at the bottom. However, Bourdieu’s findings suggest that consumer habits both reflect and reproduce the class-based system of inequality that courses through industrial and post-industrial societies. As an example of how consumerism is tied to social class, think about the impression you might form of a person who frequents the opera, has a membership to an art museum, and enjoys collecting wine.  You probably imagined that this person is relatively wealthy and well-educated, even though these things weren’t explicitly stated. Another French sociologist, Jean Baudrillard, argued in For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, that consumer goods have a â€Å"sign value† because they exist within the system of all goods. Within this system of goods/signs, the symbolic value of each good is determined primarily by how it is viewed in relation to others. So, cheap and knock-off goods exist in relation to mainstream and luxury goods, and business attire exists in relation to casual clothing and urban wear, for example. A hierarchy of goods, defined by quality, design, aesthetics, availability, and even ethics, begets a hierarchy of consumers. Those who can afford the goods at the top of the status pyramid are viewed in higher standing than their peers of lower economic classes and marginalized cultural backgrounds. You might be thinking, â€Å"So what? People buy what they can afford, and some people can afford more expensive things. What’s the big deal?† From a sociological standpoint, the big deal is the collection  of assumptions we make about people based on what they consume. Consider, for instance, how two hypothetical people might be perceived differently as they move through the world. A man in his sixties with clean cut hair, wearing a smart sport coat, pressed slacks and collared shirt, and a pair of shiny mahogany colored loafers drives a Mercedes sedan, frequents upscale bistros, and shops at fine stores like Neiman Marcus and Brooks Brothers. Those he encounters on a daily basis are likely to assume him smart, distinguished, accomplished, cultured, well-educated, and moneyed. He is likely to be treated with dignity and respect, unless he does something egregious to warrant otherwise. By contrast, a 17 year-old boy, wearing disheveled thrift store attire, drives his used truck to fast food restaurants and convenience stores, and shops at discount outlets and cheap  chain stores. It is likely that those he encounters will assume him to be poor and undereducated. He may experience disrespect and disregard on a daily basis, despite how he behaves toward others. Ethical Consumerism and Cultural Capital In a system of consumer signs, those who make the ethical choice to purchase fair trade, organic, locally grown, sweat-free, and sustainable goods are also often seen as morally superior to those who don’t know, or don’t care,  to make these kinds of purchases. In the landscape of consumer goods, being an ethical consumer awards one with heightened cultural capital and a higher social status in relation to other consumers. For example, buying a hybrid vehicle signals to others that one is concerned about environmental issues, and neighbors passing by the car in the driveway might even view the car’s owner more positively. However, someone who can’t afford to replace their 20-year-old car may care about the environment just as much, but they would be unable to demonstrate this through their patterns of consumption. A sociologist would then ask, if ethical consumption reproduces problematic hierarchies of class, race, and culture, then, how ethical is it? The Problem of Ethics in a Consumer Society Beyond the hierarchy of goods and people fostered by  consumerist culture, is it even possible to be an ethical consumer? According to Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, a society of consumers thrives on and fuels rampant individualism and self-interest above all else. He argues that this stems from operating within a consumerist context in which we are obligated to consume to be the best, most desired and valued versions of ourselves. With time, this self-centered standpoint infuses all of our social relationships. In a society of consumers we are prone to be callous, selfish, and devoid of empathy and concern for others, and for the common good. Our lack of interest in the welfare of others is furthered by the waning of strong community ties in favor of fleeting, weak ties experienced only with others who share our consumer habits, like those we see at the cafà ©, the farmers market, or at a music festival. Rather than investing in communities and those within them, whether geographically rooted or otherwise, we instead operate as swarms, moving from one trend or event to the next. From a sociological standpoint, this signals a crisis of morals and ethics, because if we are not part of communities with others, we are unlikely to experience moral  solidarity with others around the shared values, beliefs, and practices that allow for cooperation and social stability. The research of Bourdieu, and the theoretical observations of Baudrillard and Bauman, raise the alarm in response to the idea that consumption can be ethical. While the choices we make as consumers do matter, practicing a truly ethical life requires going beyond just making different consumption patterns. For example, making ethical choices involves investing in strong community ties, working to be an ally to others in our community, and thinking critically and often beyond self-interest. It is difficult to do these things when navigating the world from the standpoint of a consumer. Rather, social, economic, and environmental justice follow from ethical  citizenship.

The Basic Concepts Of The Game - 1770 Words

Part 1 Section 1: The basic concepts of the game Baseball is a team sport played over a special field with play divided into periods called innings. Each of these innings is further separated into two halves; the â€Å"top† and the â€Å"bottom† of the innings. Points in baseball are scored by the team on offense hitting the thrown ball and running around the four bases back to the starting position to score. But, if the runner is tagged with the baseball by one the players on defense before completing the run, that runner is out. After three outs, the inning moves from the top to the bottom or from the bottom of one inning to the top of the next and the teams switch sides. During a half inning the entire defensive†¦show more content†¦Section 2: The layout of the field The baseball field, (also sometimes referred to as the diamond), is a specially designed field made of two basic parts; the infield and the outfield. The infield is where most of the action happens. It is defined by four bases at each corner of the diamond-shaped infield set into the ground and evenly spaced apart. In Professional and high school leagues the bases are 90 feet apart from each other. The infield is mainly made of dirt except for a lake of grass in the middle with an island of dirt in the middle called the pitcher’s mound. The pitcher’s mound is 60.5 feet from home plate in professional and high school level play. The batter stands at a special plate called home plate where the pitch will be thrown to from the pitcher’s mound. The hitter will attempt to hit the ball with his bat and put the ball into play. There are chalk-painted rectangles on either side of home plate that defines where the batter stands. In which box the batter stands in depe nds on if he/she is left-handed or right-handed. There is another painted box behind home plate that defines where the catcher crouches to catch the ball if the batter misses. Looking at the diagram, hopefully you notice that there are two long white lines labelled as foul lines. The foul lines define the sides of the infield and the outfield. If any ball is hit and it goes to the right of the first-base-side foul line or if it goes

Nutrition Plan for Students Essay example - 600 Words

The Core Body of Knowledge: New York State’s Core Competencies for Early Childhood Educators is a set of standards, written by the NYS Early Childhood Advisory Council for those professionals who work with young children in different areas. The standards exist to provide daily practice for professionals who wrok with children. It is a guide for programs administrators and directors to help them assess the performance of the their staff and to help in area that need developing. They help training organizations with evaluation and development of opportunities for professionals. They assist teacher education programs. They support local and stat agneices in policy making and public and private investments. The standards are separate into†¦show more content†¦I will repeat the steps for the vegetable, fruit, diary, meat and fat/oil groups. I would have pre-laminated food cuts for children take turns putting them into the right groups. Using the pyramid, I would ask the ch ildren what food is healthy and can help them grow. We would make a list of healthy snacks for the classroom. I would allow them to come up with the list as I write them on the board. If there is one that is not a healthy snack, I would ask the class if anybody notice any unhealthy snacks on the list. Then I would remove the unhealthy snack. I can have the children write down what kinds of food they have at home and what food groups they fit into. Another lesson I can teach to children is the meals of the day. I would focus on breakfast, luch and dinner. For breakfast, I would ask the children to tell me what they had for breakfast before they came to school. Then I would ask them about the favorite breakfast. I would repeat the questions for lunch and dinner. I would split the class up into three groups, breakfast, lunch and dinner, and have them brainstorm what food from the food pyramid they have for either meal. They can also mention foods that are not on the pyramid, so childre n can learn about different food in different cultures. They can utilize the toy food from the kitchen center for the activity. During a daycare observation, I notice the children each brought in different vegetables. They were going to make a salad after learningShow MoreRelatedWhat Your Career Plans Is Your Academic Interests Or Plans For Future Study963 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe your career plans, your academic interests or plans for future study. My goal is to become a Registered Dietitian and provide healthy eating resources in various community settings. My two special interests in nutrition is nutrition for adolescent athletes to support their growth and development as well as their performance, and nutrition for disease prevention and management for adults. My first degree from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is a Bachlor of Arts in dance. I am also aRead MoreMy Job As A Wellness Educator961 Words   |  4 Pagesinstilled early in my life by my parents. Recently, I have been more drawn to actively become more proficient in the nutrition-specific content (thus enrolling in this program) and it is my hope to share this information with as many of my students as possible. I am passionate about what I do and spend countless hours planning, preparing and finding new ways to connect with my students. I lead by example and help teach them to take a personal look at themselves and their own habits, and help them toRead Mor eThe Importance Of Health1267 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican college students in the Hattiesburg area are less knowledgeable of healthy proportions of foods and resources available to them that would help foster the awareness of eating healthier. Only 20% of 25 participants that were surveyed indicated that they had an exceptional understanding of basic nutrition fundamentals. 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Empiricism and Connie Free Essays

Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. We will write a custom essay sample on Empiricism and Connie or any similar topic only for you Order Now The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman.Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. How to cite Empiricism and Connie, Papers

Organizational Theory and Decision Making Health and Social Care

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Theory and Decision Makingfor Health and Social Care. Answer: Introduction The health and social care sector relies upon the physical and social well being of society members. The social care sectors provide different kinds of health care services, which supports service users well being. To provide quality health and social care service, proper management of the organization is very important for these organizations. In this context, organizational theory has a very important role. Based on the type of the organization, different organizational theories are followed by the health and social care organization, like the other corporate sector organizations (Nicolini, 2012). Organizational theory is referred to the approach, by which the organizational analysis is done. There are different perspectives, based on which the organizational theories are developed. The classical, neoclassical and environmental perspectives have been analyzed by many scientists; based on which the organizational theories has been developed. A strategy, which is adopted by the organ ization in a particular situation, may not be applicable to another situation, thus, a generalized standards should be established in the organization, which would be able to evaluate the suitability of a strategy in any kind of situation (Argote, 2012). Usually, organizations experience several issues regarding right decision-making. In this context, organizational theory has a significant role in providing a strategic direction to the organizational management. In this essay, the focus is the discussion about the importance of organizational theory on the decision making of Queenly Community health service. The organization provides counseling services to the community members, but the organization is experiencing some issues regarding client access. Understanding the importance and role of organizational theory can help to make right decisions about the strategies for improving the situation. Background of the Situation The main focus of this essay is to address the needs of Queenly community health service to understand the importance of organizational theory and to follow the suitable organizational theory, which help the organization to understand the correct strategic decision for the organizational well being. QCHS is a social service organization, which offers a wide range of services in their regional area. The care users are referred to the organization by their health care practioners or they are self-referred. The organization uses service model for delivering counseling services to the care users; which include an initial counseling appointment with the general counseling practitioner or a specialist-counseling practitioner (Hassard Pym, 2012). While getting the appointment, the clients current needs are assessed by the rostered intake-counseling practitioner, who is accountable for referring the clients to specialist or general counseling team of QCHS. According to their model of care d elivery, a client has to wait for 3 months to come for the intake assessment appointment. Though the organization receives workforce cost CPI (customer price increase) to be increased per years, staffing is not increasing significantly. Thus, the organizational management is being inefficient to deal with these issues. Implementation of strategic decisions following a suitable organizational theory would help to deal with these issues (Battilana Casciaro, 2012). In this situation, the organizational model of care delivery should be modified for achieving more efficiency in care delivery along with the incorporation of some new strategy and practices for improving client access and organizational operations. Therefore, such organizational theory should be carefully selected, which supports organizational change. In this case, the contingency theory would be the suitable one for undertaking strategic decision in QCHS. Importance of Organizational Theory in Organizational Decision Making The organizational decision-making is one of the most important part in the management, which is supported by a suitable organizational theory. For instance, if the organization is facing issues related to staffing or client handling, the contingency theory of leadership can be followed. This theory states that based on the situational analysis, the leader should select the leadership style to be followed, which would beneficial for the organization. Aligning with the contingency leadership theory, the leader would adopt the right leadership style; as a result, the leader would be able to handle the complex situation in the organization. The contingency theory views the organization as a constrained optimization problem, thus, the organizational management should always try to maximize the performance by eliminating the internal and external constrains. In the context of QCHS, the organization is experiencing inefficient utilization of resources and inappropriate client handling, whi ch can be mitigated by improving the leadership aspects. Blackmore and Sachs (2012) claimed that, according to the contingency organizational theory, there is no best strategy or way, through which an organization can make decision in any kind of contemporary situation. Rather, the optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation. Before making the strategic decision for the organization, with the help of the selected organizational theory, the current needs should be assessed.. As a result, the operations or practices undertaken by the organization are not meeting their objectives and expected outcomes (Seo et al., 2012). Therefore, the objective of the decision-making would be to modify the model of care, which would be more accessible ad effective for the clients. On the other hand, another priority is the utilization of the financial and human resource properly, for satisfying the clients. Operations Analyzing the situation at QCHS, it has been understood that the organization needs change management for improving the entire system. Therefore, the organizational change will be accomplished by renewing and managing the organizational operations. The human resource management system of the organization would have a key role in managing the operations, to support the change in the organization. In this context, the contingency theory of decision-making highlights that the effectiveness of an organizational decision depends upon different facets of the situation, based on which the decision is being made (Senior Fleming, 2006).These features include: The level of relevant literatures acquired by the leaders and subordinates The importance of quality and acceptance of the decision The level of disagreement within the subordinates regarding the alternatives for change implementation The first and foremost strategic decision that should be taken by the organization is improving the leadership style of the leaders. The managers and team leaders of QCHS counseling team should be trained to support the change. It is because, in organizational decision making regarding change implementation, the leaders plays a pivotal role in empowering the subordinates to adapt the change. Fred fielder, the developer of contingency theory argued that team performance is the result of the association between the environmental characteristic and the leadership style adopted by the leader (Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo Gutirrez-Gutirrez, 2012). Therefore, a education session for the leaders and managers would be the initial strategic decision, supporting the contingency theory of decision making. The education process for the leaders would include three sessions. Module 1: Introduction to the new system, software and website designs and resource utilization Module 2: Management and empowerment of organizational workforce through the change implementation period, with the adoption of transformational leadership style Module 3: Handling clients with the new system for gaining beneficial outcomes The contingency theory directs the organizational leaders to adopt transformational leadership style, because, this leadership style helps leaders to support change and to adopt leadership skills for encouraging subordinates. Based on this theory, the contingent leader should effectively apply his own style of leadership to handle the situation in a correct way. The next strategic decision that the organization should undertake, would be to utilize their financial resources, by recruiting an experienced financial analyst (Elwyn et al., 2012). From the situation analysis of QCHS organization, it has been revealed that, the organization is receiving customer price increase each year, but due to inappropriate utilization, the staffing positions are not anticipated for QCHS. Thus, the financial analyst would be able to identify the areas, where the management team is inappropriately utilizing resources. Based on the contingency theory of decision-making, the analyst would collect the res ources from the leaders and team members and based on that the resource assessment would be done. An Electronic resource utilization software would be integrated in the management system. This system would be able to track the details of resource utilization in an electronic version, thereby enhancing the safety of the information. The stored data in this system, would be analyzed by the financial analyst. He would then be able to analyze the resource utilization by each component or department of the organization with the expected outcomes (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). For instance, if one area is identified, where a huge amount of financial resource is utilized, but expected outcomes are not reached, the analyst can cut the cost from there to be utilized in such a domain, where the expected outcomes are meeting efficiently. In this way, the staffing shortage can also be mitigated, by utilizing the financial resources in recruiting and training more staffs (Young, 2012). With more staff, QCHS professionals would be able to attain more patients at a time; thereby reducing clients waiting time. Client Access To improve the clients access, staffing should be improved by the organization. Several factors are affecting or hindering the client access in QCHS. One factor is lack of knowledge and skills of the service providers. Due to lack of knowledge about management of consumer services, the proper management of clients needs is being hampered. As a result, the organizational management is being hampered, which is inducing issues regarding client management. Hence, introducing training session for the professional would be suitable for improving the client management. In the training session, the time management skills would be taught. The training would be aligned with the newly implemented model of care delivery. In this way, the internal skills of leaders can be improved, making them efficient in handling subordinates and clients (Carr Beresford, 2012). According to the contingency theory, the organizational management should be able to implement different strategies based on the situa tion. QCHS needs to renew the operation and management system for improving client access. In QCSH, clients have to wait for more than 3 months, to get a n appointment. However, the organization can introduce online appointment option, which will help the clients to access the organizational website of get an appointment. A system can be integrated, which will help the professionals would be able to directly communicate with clients through video chat. It would eliminate the necessity of clients waiting for more than three months. The system will include the development of a software, associated with organizational website, through which all the client related activities could be done (Catlin-Legutko Klingler, 2012). The system would be able to record clients information, date of appointment, personal and demographic information, follow ups, resources required for counseling, payment and other important aspects. It would make the process easier to handle and faster. The Client woul d not need to wait for months for needs assessment, as it would be done by video chat, through the same website. The system would also include the SMS reminder facility, to keep the track of clients adherence (Knights Willmott, 2012). The leaders would play a pivotal role in the assessment and client management process, by applying democratic leadership style. The entire care delivery process would be discussed in the next part. Model of Care Delivery In QCHS, the model of care delivery includes the a rostered intake-counseling practitioner, who practices the need assessment of the clients and attempt to address the actual reason of counseling; and then, based on the priority and health needs, the generalized or specialized counseling appointment are set. However, sometime, based on the health priority, patients, who need emergency counseling, are attended by QCHS practitioners. The model of care delivery would be designed based on the contingency theory of decision-making. According to this theory, the change should be conveyed to the members and the goals should be set based on their acceptance or disagreement (Myers, Hulks Wiggins, 2012). Therefore, initially, all the employees would be provided with a session regarding the organizational change and their consent would be collected. Based on their acceptance, the following model of care delivery would be implemented: Contact with the client through QCHS website or telephone Collection of demographic information and reference Documentation and reason for counseling Video chat with the client, through the organizational website and detailed needs assessment. This step will replace the initial counseling appointment for needs assessment. Based on health needs, the client would be categorized, whether he should be appointed to a general or a specialist counselor. Goals of counseling program would be set, based on clients needs, following the contingency theory of decision-making. The reminder would be set in the software with the name and client ID, which would also be immediately conveyed to the professional team or individual practitioner, to whom the client is being appointed. It will help to schedule professionals convenience. An appointment date would be generated immediately and a reminder would be sent to clients personal mobile number With improved staffing, the waiting time of client would be reduced. Clients would get an appointment within 1-2 week of the initial needs assessment All the resource required for the client would also be documented electronically A gentle reminder would be sent to the client, via SMS one day before the scheduled appointment by the HR department After the first session, based on the requirement, client would get online follow-up counseling session. Face-to-face counseling would only be applicable to the emergency patients All the documentation would be in the electronic version Each clients data would be conveyed and discussed with the team, and the analyst will keep the track of resource utilization. After completion of the counseling sessions, feedback would be collected, which would be used for further change management. Above discussion shows, the importance of organizational theory in decision-making has been understood. It reveals that, contingency theory is the best-suited organizational theory for QCHS. This theory reveals that leaders should use the best leadership style for decision-making in contemporary situation and there is no way by which an unique strategy can be implemented at any organizational circumstances. In QCHSs situation, the leadership and decision-making strategies should be prioritized (Pearson, 2012). Thus, contingency theory directed the requirement of adopting transformational leadership style by the organizational leaders. It helps the leaders to guide their subordinate during change implementation. On the other hand, the contingency theory of decision-making helped the management to consider the acceptance or disagreement of the staffs before implementing the change. It influences the leaders to use democratic leadership style, following the contingency theory, where lea ders can adopt the best leadership style to deal with the situation through the correct strategy (Shore, 2012). Conclusion In this essay, the focus was to discuss the importance of organizational theory in context of QCHSs organizational conflicts. Based on the situation, the contingency theory has been selected and followed for change implementation in the organization. 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