Explanation And Analysis Of Stoic Philosophy Essays - Stoicism

Explanation And Analysis Of Stoic Philosophy Stefano R. Mugnaini Dr. Ralph Gilmore Introduction to Philosophy 26 April 1999 Explanation and Analysis of Stoic Philosophy Stoicism is, without a doubt, one of the most widely misunderstood schools of Philosophy ever established and followed by a wide number of people. The common opinion of Stoic adherents is that they are merely cold, somber individuals dedicated to the idea that happiness is evil, emotion is to be avoided at all costs and pleasure is wicked. Although they do stress control over strong emotions and that pleasure is not the sole end of life, this is a gross misunderstanding of Stoicism. According to Dr. Zeno Breuninger, Stoics believe a person is born with everything he needs. The Stoic seeks to lead a life at peace with himself and the world around him, governed at all times by moderation and Virtue. Stoicism was founded by Zeno of Citium ? 331-232 BC), who was a merchant until a shipwreck found him in Athens where he began to study many schools of philosophy(Fieser). He was followed By Cleanthes ? 331-233 BC) who, originally an athlete, was considered not brilliant but hardworking. Neither of these, however, left any surviving writings. It is only due to the writings of Chryssipus ? 281-208 BC), the third head of the ancient Athenian Stoics, that we have any knowledge of the teachings of the early Stoics(Ecole; Mining Co.) Later Stoics include the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Seneca, and these have left several works that outline Stoic philosophy, especially Ethics. Perhaps most well known are the Meditations of Aurelius, one of the most well known of Stoic writings. Stoicism is still alive today, revived by men such as Dr. Breuninger, who strive for virtuous life through Stoic teachings(International). The Stoics, especially Chryssipus, altered the very logical form commonly used by Aristotle and others. The If-Then statement used by the Stoics was a replacement of the form used by Aristotle. Where Aristotle would say, All humans are mortal, the Stoics would phrase it If some person is human then that person is mortal(Fieser). This method, later developed by modern logicians such as Bertrand Russell, is the logic of propositions, where a statement is true if it can be reduced to one of the five in demonstrable forms of the If-Then statement, and is considered one of the greatest Stoic contributions(Stanford;Ecole). In the realm of Metaphysics, Stoics were essentially materialists(Ecole). They adopted from Plato the idea that reality is marked by the ability to act or be acted upon. To this they added that only a body can do this. Thus, only bodies exist(Stanford). God must, then, be material. The Stoic vision of God is as a Cosmic order, also referred to as Reason, Logos, and a Creative Fire(Ecole). The Stoic God is, then, Pantheistic, one with the universe. Matter is inert, there to be acted upon by this universal plan. This plan is crafted from the inside, and God acts not as external deity but as a living seed from which the universal order is grown(Stanford). The Stoics identified with the belief, in vogue at the time, that matter is composed of four elements: earth, fire, air, and water. Fire and air were considered to be active, whereas water and earth were labeled passive. Fire and air, the active elements, combine to form pneuma or breath. This pneuma has a constant simultaneous inward and outward movement that holds matter together and yields it the qualities which it possesses. Pneuma is an interesting concept: It acts upon things, so must be a body, yet it is one with other bodies in the same place at the same time. This blending was apparently allowed by Stoic philosophy, and was necessary as the Pneuma also seemed to serve the function of the soul in higher animals, and take care of bodily functions in both plants and animals(Stanford) thus the soul was both material and one with the physical body. Another concept set forth in Stoic metaphysics is known as eternal recurrence. This is the idea that the universe repeats itself, that everything is a continuous cycle that completely and exactly repeats. One will, in each successive cycle, be the exact same person he is in

Free Essays on Great Gatsby-1920s

Characters’ personalities, interests and identities will develop throughout a novel. In a successful novel, a character must continue to grow throughout and learn through their experiences and others’. The characters' search of their own identities and the struggle that ensues is the most central theme throughout The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. They have no true morals or ideals of themselves as individuals. These are a group of people who no matter how self-confident and self-absorbed they seem to be, have absolutely no idea of what they are to do as individuals. Tom and Daisy are two prime examples. The fact that we never really know the characters, and the corrupt immoral things they do, directly represent the 20's high society lifestyle. The characters continued to cheat on their spouses, let money become their obsession, and debate the American dream for the hopes of one day obtaining happiness. Daisy is a friendly character who has a love for parties. She tends to lose herself in them while drinking. Daisy once said, "What'll we do with ourselves this afternoon, and the day after that, and the next thirty years?" (46) This quote not only means she lives for one day at a time, never thinking of the future, but that she truly has no idea of what to do to occupy herself. Daisy thinks of herself as a highly successful person, someone much more important than she is in reality, â€Å"I’ve been everywhere and seen everything and done everything †¦ Sophisticated - God, I’m sophisticated!† (22) She is like loose change floating around, wandering from party to party, man to man, friend to friend, in a big house in East Egg with no sense of purpose. She once attempted to plan something when she first reunited with Nick. She said, "What'll we plan? What do people plan?" (17) meaning she has never had to make decisions nor has she had much responsibility. Not only does she have no pu! rpose, she has no morals. She killed... Free Essays on Great Gatsby-1920s Free Essays on Great Gatsby-1920s Characters’ personalities, interests and identities will develop throughout a novel. In a successful novel, a character must continue to grow throughout and learn through their experiences and others’. The characters' search of their own identities and the struggle that ensues is the most central theme throughout The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. They have no true morals or ideals of themselves as individuals. These are a group of people who no matter how self-confident and self-absorbed they seem to be, have absolutely no idea of what they are to do as individuals. Tom and Daisy are two prime examples. The fact that we never really know the characters, and the corrupt immoral things they do, directly represent the 20's high society lifestyle. The characters continued to cheat on their spouses, let money become their obsession, and debate the American dream for the hopes of one day obtaining happiness. Daisy is a friendly character who has a love for parties. She tends to lose herself in them while drinking. Daisy once said, "What'll we do with ourselves this afternoon, and the day after that, and the next thirty years?" (46) This quote not only means she lives for one day at a time, never thinking of the future, but that she truly has no idea of what to do to occupy herself. Daisy thinks of herself as a highly successful person, someone much more important than she is in reality, â€Å"I’ve been everywhere and seen everything and done everything †¦ Sophisticated - God, I’m sophisticated!† (22) She is like loose change floating around, wandering from party to party, man to man, friend to friend, in a big house in East Egg with no sense of purpose. She once attempted to plan something when she first reunited with Nick. She said, "What'll we plan? What do people plan?" (17) meaning she has never had to make decisions nor has she had much responsibility. Not only does she have no pu! rpose, she has no morals. She killed...

Environmental Studies - Global Warming Research Paper

Environmental Studies - Global Warming - Research Paper Example However, the aspect that cannot be disputed is that these human induced advancements, inventions and discoveries are happening at the cost of earth’s environment. Yes, technological advancements and industrial revolution, initiated by the men, have led to an increase in emission of greenhouse gases, burning of fossil fuels and that eventually led to global warming. Global Warming refers to rise in earth’s temperature due to the emission of green house gases, deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. It is no doubt that Earth is warming faster than ever before in history. The increasing temperature is, however, thought to come about because of the various human activities. However, at the same time, there is a view that global warming is a naturally occurring phenomenon, and the human activities in quest of development and comfort do not contribute to it. Thus, this paper even while discussing whether global warming is due to human actions or whether they do not contrib ute maximally to it, will take a concluding stance that it is human-induced. Background Earth’s temperatures depend on the balance between input of the sun and terrestrial radiation or its loss back into the atmosphere. There are gases that are critical when it comes to the balance of that temperature. This group of gases has a common name: greenhouse gases. Energy from the sun is in the form of shortwave radiation. Approximately, a third of the solar radiation that hits earth’s surface gets reflected back into the atmosphere. The remaining radiation is absorbed mainly by land and oceans. This, therefore, results into an increase in the warming of the earth’s surface. The surface subsequently emits long-wave radiation. At this point, if there are greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the radiation is trapped, thereby, warming the atmosphere. The gases form a blanket on earth thus increasing the temperatures by 35 degrees (Theodore, 2004). Role of human induced Gre enhouse gases in global warming Scientists believe that human activities have a direct impact on the increased levels of greenhouse gases on the earth surface. Global warming occurs because of the massive greenhouse gases, for instance, carbon dioxide and methane. Human activities are the main cause of the increase in green house gases. Global warming is characterized by rise in sea levels, melting of glaciers and ice caps, change in climatic conditions and rainfall patterns, etc. For the last 20 million years, research has it that burning of fuels has tremendously given rise to high carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere. A recent report by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change shows that there is a vivid evidence for 0.6 degrees Celsius increase in global temperatures and about 20cm rise in the general sea level. In addition, sea ice thickness in Arctic Ocean has gone down by approximately 40% (Theodore, 2004). Mountains, on the other hand, are also recording the fastest ever experienced glacier melting rate. In North Atlantic region, there has been a constant rise in storm activities, drought, and floods. Prediction made by IPCC suggests that by 2100, there shall be arise in global temperatures by 5.4 degrees Celsius (Theodore, 2004). Generation of Greenhouse Gases has increased due to Human activities A simple way to prove Global Warming is happening and real is to refer to the earth’s temperature database of the previous years and compare the same with the current

How did the printing press affect the Reformation Essay

How did the printing press affect the Reformation - Essay Example The printing press helped in the spread of new ideas and doctrines that were available to the public in such a different way which was never experienced before. The printing press was invented around 1450 and it rapidly spread to other big cities in Europe according to Arman, Bird and Wilkinson (163). As reformation activities came to stabilize themselves, about two hundred printing centers were already established in the major cities of Europe. The printing centers were used as main producers of the works of reformation by Protestants. For instance Martin Luther was among those who first recognized the power behind printing in mobilizing ground support for reforms. The printing press took two major directions in reformation process. One of the directions was the printing of many secular books which had a profound impact in science. Thus there were major reforms in scientific work as a result of the printing press. Scientists were able to print and share their works with other scient ists in various parts of Europe. The scientists could also have accuracy in their works which enhanced individual knowledge as well as understanding. The growth in scientific reforms resulting from the effects of the printing press led to the scientific revolutions. This later changed the way the Europeans perceived the world and the universe at large. The second direction of the printing press reformation was the way it took copying of books from the church. This way, it made it almost impossible for the church to control most of the written works as it did before. This was due to the large number of books that could be printed at a fraction of cost in a day. Thus it can be claimed that disunity which faced the European religious believes during the protestant reformation was driven by the rapid growth of the printing press. Martin Luther was successful in reformation activities as he was familiar with the use and effect of printing press. This way he was able to overcome other wri ters such as Hussites in reformation works. Reformation was considered as the first move of recovering the Lord that was aided by the effects of the printing press. Luther’s success in reformation works was also aided by the fact by the time he was born; printing had already established itself in Europe. Printing press was important to Luther reforms because of two factors. He had technical equipment which could print in large volumes and different styles. He was also capable of printing content that attracted the reader. Most of the Luther’s printed work circulated faster in Wittenberg which was a powerful center during the reformation period. Luther had three famous reformation works in Germany as a result of his effectiveness in printing press. These works included Appeal to the German Nobility, The New Testament translation as well as the Christian freedom works. The New Testament translation which was a driving force for the protestant reformation was the most pop ular among the works of Luther. He used a different style in writing the New Testament and a new language. He translated it into common man language; therefore people could read the bible and translate it for themselves. This followed the protestant reformations due to the different translations of the bible. The establishment of protestant

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Assignment Example e researchers argue that this definition is inefficient because they believe that some individuals may diverge from biological norms and be alright without being sick. The World Health Organization (WHO) came up with their definition to cover the gap that exists in the biomedical definition. The organization defines health as the status in which a person has completeness in the social, physical, and mental being. WHO formulated this definition of health in 1946 during the development of its constitution. Researchers argue that this definition is superior to the biomedical meaning because it considers the physical, social, and mental conditions of human beings (Gedge, & Waluchow, 2012). This definition also does not ignore the impact of the society on the health of individuals. However, the WHO meaning of health also has a weakness because scientists argue that it is impossible to achieve completeness in the social, physical, and mental being at the same time. The third definition of individual health is that of Health Canada, which states that health is a state in which people familiarize and respond to their daily activities (Gedge, & Wacluchow, 2012). This description of health improves that of WHO because it does not require individuals to achieve completeness in physical, social, and mental condition. The fact that this definition is superior to that of WHO indicates that it is also superior to the biomedical description of health. The word health may also be defined in terms of the wellbeing of the whole population in the society rather than individuals only. The health of the population refers to the wellbeing of all individuals in the society as indicated by physical, social, and economic surroundings, health pointers, health services, and childhood development (Gedge, & Wacluchow, 2012). This means that population health deals with the factors that affect the health of numerous individuals in the society at the same time. This interrelationship between

Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged

Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged Community Care Plan: Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged to Elderly Populations in Mesquite Assessment Community Nursing DX: Increased risk for cardiovascular disease in middle aged to elderly populations in the Mesquite (75150) related to the behavioral health habits as evidenced by leading cause of mortality statistics (heart disease, dshs.state.tx.us), higher rates of smoking/excessive alcohol consumption relative to state (countyhealthrankings.org), increased rate of physical inactivity relative to state (countyhealthrankings.org), prevalence of sedentary occupations (factfinder2.census.gov), the inadequacy of nutritional status and fitness facilities (city-data.com; countyhealthrankings.org), and a lack of programs that offer educational materials about the disease [no programs found in Mesquite (75150) via online search]. Community Goal: There will be a decrease in Dallas County (which includes 75150) in behavioral risk factor surveillance percentage for cardiovascular disease from 8.6% (in 2010 survey) to 8.0%. Nursing Interventions Rationale Community Outcome Criteria Evaluation Possible Solutions Leading cause of mortality is heart disease; 3,218 deaths/13,966 from all diseases; behavioral risk factor surveillance for 2010 for MI 4.5 % which is highest of all metropolitan areas in TX; for CV disease 8.6%, which is within the top 3 (dshs.state.tx.us) Management, business, science and art occupations constitute 27.8% of occupations; sales and office occupations constitute 30.4% (other occupations more active than these sedentary occupations; factfinder2.census.gov); 9 parks in 75150 (city-data.com) Adult smoking- 16%, BMI over 30 31%, persons over 20 years reporting no leisure time physical activity 25% binge plus heavy drinking 14% (countyhealthrankings.org) Need more information to assess nutrition besides income ($46,788; residents below poverty level 12.1%, city-data.com); data needed in regards to city rather than county access to recreational facilities 7, limited access to healthy foods 8%, fast food restaurants 53% (countyhealthrankings.org) 8.3% unemployed; 82.5% high school or higher; 19.4% bachelors or higher; 5.8% graduate/professional degree (city-data.com); Preventable hospital stays -59 | ratio of residents to PCPs 1,585:1 | uninsured 31% (countryhealthrankings.org) Assess for for risk factors such as family history, sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, imbalanced diet, smoking, access to appropriate medical care, and health literacy level; also provide primary prevention by assessing middle aged and older populations without cardiovascular disease. Assessment of risk factors is essential for early detection of heart disease. Hearts For Life: A Community Program on Heart Health Promotion (2003). Retrieved from http://health.mo.gov/ data/interventio nmica/HeartDisea seandStroke/3118 .pdf Residents will be screened for factors contributing to cardiovascular disease at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, libraries, recreation centers, etc. Nurses will provide proper follow up and referral for results of concern as well as provide education in regards to specific risk factors and how to control modifiable risk factors. Middle-aged and elderly residents will be asked about their known risk factors on initial screening during Fall 2014. Residents will also be asked about how they can personally change their modifiable risk factors in regards diet, behaviors, exercise. Will request follow up on health status at next available screening time (every 6 months at a specific location; varied locations for screenings and assessments throughout the year). Will also request that families attend with younger members to initiate primary prevention and aid in care and involvement in elderly residents health. Residents at higher risk will be assessed further and provided with references to a preferred clinic site or physician depending on each residents financial status. Refer to assessment data above; More information needed on specific HTN prevalence, high cholesterol prevalence; Personally observed data at CC-Young Retirement Community: Many residents unaware of what medication they are taking, especially if they are not self-administering, some even unaware of having HTN or high cholesterol. Conduct blood pressure screenings at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, libraries, recreation centers, etc. Reducing risk factors for CV disease include evaluation of BP. Example of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Retrieved from http://health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.html Residents will be screened regularly at listed locations on a monthly basis for blood pressure. Resident will be told and educated about normal and abnormal ranges, signs and symptoms to watch out for (chest pain, SOB dizziness, fatigue, sweating), and how to self-assess with a sphygmomanometer if at higher risk/have abnormals. Residents will also be provided follow up and referral locations if higher risk/have abnormals. Residents will be quizzed verbally on normal/abnormal blood pressure readings at the end of screenings on that same day. They will also be able to list at least 3 adverse signs and symptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, at the end of screening that day. For higher risk residents, will have them demonstrate how to take blood pressure. Will request resident to bring family members to come to next screenings so they can also learn to take blood pressure. Those residents at higher risk will be assessed further and provided with references to a preferred clinic site or physician depending on each residents financial status. If possible with funding for supplies, provide free supplies for self-checking. More information needed about programs offered at said locations, need to advertise to public. 9 parks in 75150 (city-data.com); 4 recreation centers in Mesquite (cityofmesquite.com) Exercise programs offered at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, recreation centers, fitness centers, etc. FAME fitness program show to be effective in reducing CV risks. Example of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Retrieved from http://health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.html Residents will be able to participate in exercise programs and calculate a target heart rate and taking pulse for exercise. Instructors will provide evaluations of exercise skills taught during classes as well as surveying the frequency of residents personal exercise schedule. Residents will be evaluated of their physical progress over a 6 week time span for achieving their target heart rate during exercise. Provide incentives to return to exercise classes, such as rewards for achieving target rate like gift cards or prizes. Refer to assessment data above; More information needed on specific nutritional food access, dietary choices, height/weight, daily food consumption. 1 Wal-Mart, 1 Kroger, 1 Albertsons in 75150; other listed business include many fast food restaurants (city-data.com) Dietary education at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, recreation centers, libraries, fitness centers. CARDES dietary programs have shown to be effective in decreasing rates of CV disease. Example of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Retrieved from http://health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.html Residents will be able to give 24 hour recall for assessment of diet and be recommended appropriate portions and amount of food based off of MyPlate. Portions, ingredients, etc. will be modified for those with HTN and diabetes. Will also offer referrals to dieticians. Residents will give an example of a healthy meal by drawing and/or verbalizing their own MyPlate. Residents will inform on how the food was prepared, where the ingredients would be bought and if those ingredients are within their budget. For those who may not be able to afford at the typical grocery, will offer information on local food banks and food stamp programs. Finding locations where nutritional foods are offered. Assessing locations that give away free food such as churches and senior centers for nutrition is important; providing instruction about preparation of food in a healthy manner is critical to dietary health. Refer to data from above in regards to smoking rate in Dallas county; More information needed on tax funds used from cigarette purchases and accurate pricing of average cost of cigarettes. Cheaper brands of cigarettes, ~$4; more expensive brands ~$5 (city-data.org/forum) Work with law makers to increase prices of cigarettes and use of increase in net tax for antismoking education campaign. Study of the impact of $0.25 increase in price with California Tobacco Program that allocated $0.05 for anti-tobacco educational campaign. Showed a decrease of 2.93 deaths per 100,000 per year and decrease in amount of packs smoked to 2.72. New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). A compendium of proven community- based prevention programs. Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org /assets/files/NYAM_Compendium.pdf Residents who smoke will cut down the amount of packs of cigarettes bought per week. In an anti-smoking campaign, will educate residents on how much money could be saved by cutting down. Will also offer education of alternatives for quitting in antismoking campaigns like nicotine patches and gum. Referring to local government data on cigarette sales to evaluate the amount of sales (if not decreased), noting for the increase in price, and use of net tax funds for allocation of educational programs. Petitioning with support of local residents for distribution of tax funds towards educational programs on smoking. Also working with public health center to work with government to offer incentives to cigarette companies to raise prices can be a possible solution. Personal experience of finding information and programs offered regarding CV disease and health in 75150 and Mesquite: poor, not much information via internet, radio or TV; only current mass public media span observed regarding health are acetaminophen precautions. More information needed on listings in local newspapers. Mass media campaign; commercials about health statistics regarding CV disease, educational programs, aspirin/NTG medication education over billboards, radio, TV, newspaper, internet. The Stanford Five-City Project mass media program along with other programs saw decreases in BMI, HTN, glucose and CV risk factors. New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). A compendium of proven community- based prevention programs. Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/NYAM_Compendium.pdf Residents will be more informed about reducing CV risk via information through the media about dietary changes, exercise, etc. Evaluation via use of government data on decrease in mortality rates, statistics. Also if using online media, provide surveys for feedback of helpfulness. Increased awareness in the media driven society can affect peoples perspectives on health. Currently there is only a ban on just bars and restaurants in Mesquite; there is no state wide regulated ban on workplace (no-smoke.org; smokefreetexas.org); More information needed on lists of specific businesses and workplaces that do allow smoking. Working with lawmakers to ban smoking within all enclosed workplaces. A worksite intervention program targeting individuals who smoke saw a decrease in the amount of people who smoked, reduction in diastolic BP and reduction in cholesterol. New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). A compendium of proven community- based prevention programs. Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org /assets/files/NYAM_Compendium.pdf There will be a decrease in the prevalence of smoking in the workplace. Evaluation will not be done if enacted into law; evaluation by law enforcement and fines. There are surveys and petitions that can be taken in support of banning smoking in all workplace facilities; there is a current survey that indicates widespread support of state wide law (smokefreetexas.org)

Animal Farm - Elements Of Lite :: Animal Farm Essays

I believe that George Orwell used direct characterization to introduce his characters. For example when he introduced Old Major he said, â€Å"he was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut†. Another example is when he introduced Snowball and Napoleon, there he said, â€Å"Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boats named Snowball and Na0oleaon, whom My. Jones was breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker speech and more attentive, but was not considered to have the depth of character.† George Orwell also described them with their appearance before we actually saw them. We also learned somewhat about the characters by the speec hes that they give; Old Major could be seen as the leader of the animals because everyone looked up to, in my thoughts he talked with power. In the book I feel that Snowball is the protagonist and Napoleon is the antagonist. Snowball was the likeable person among the animals also very admirable. The other animals looked up to him and not only because he was the leader. He put effort into the ideas that he and all the other animals came up with. He also worked with the animals and did not slack off because he was the leader. Napoleon on the other hand took advantage of his rank. He did not work with the other animals and broke all the rules. When this happened he made an excuse or changed the rule. For example the original commandment stated that â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol†, but after getting drunk the rule mysteriously changed to â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol in excess.† This and a few other rules that were changed are a few examples. The major commandment that he broke though was â€Å"No animal shall kill any other animal†, but when he instructed his nine bodyguards to kill some geese , the rule mysteriously changed. The new rule stated that â€Å"NO animal shall kill any other animal without cause.† At this point it shows that he really is an antagonist. I also feel that the humans were also antagonists, just of the fact how they treated the animals.

Thesis Sample

Thesis sample ******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 se conds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. 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COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or su ggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at giv emefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. com/phpBB3 Thesis Sample Lyceum of the Philippines University Research and Publications Center RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. 0 (Working)/ Title : An Assessment on the Impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros Restoration| 2. 0 Name of ProponentFrance Kayla M. VillamorH-444B| 2. 1 College/DepartmentCollege of International Tourism and Hospitality Management| 3. 0 Statement of the Problem Generally, the study seeks to assess the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros.The researcher would like to know if the said subset of Cultural Tourism can have a great effect in the program of the Department of Tourism in restoring a heritage site of Intramuros. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 2. 1 Age 2. 2 Gender 2. 3 Frequency of visit in Intramuros1. 3. a Local tourist1. 3. b. Foreign tourist 2. 4 Reasons for visiting Intramuros 2. What are the programs being implemented to restore Intramuros? 3. 5 By the Department of Tourism 3. By the Intramuros AdministrationAmong these programs, what are for Gastronomic Tourism? 3. What is the current status of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros? 4. How can Gastronomic Tourism be beneficial to capture a huge volume of tourists coming in to Intramuros? 5. What are the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros? Objectives of the Study (Formulate the research objectives) 1. To collect the profile of the respondents visiting Fort Santiago. 2. To list the programs being implemented to restore Intramuros by the Department of Tourism and Intramuros Administration; and to classify what is for Gastronomic Tourism. . To know the current status of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros. 4. To analyze the benefits of developing Gastronomic Tourism in capturing a huge volume of tourists coming in to Intramuros. 5. To enumerate the effects of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros. | 4. 0 Background of the Study (Discuss the significance of the study, how the study contributes to existing knowledge, social relevance of the study, basic assumptions as well as the scope and limitation of the study) World Tourism Organization (2009) defines Tourism as, â€Å"It omprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. † Tourism in general has two forms; Mass Tourism and Alternative Tourism. Mass Tourism represents the traditional transportation of large scale of people in a short period of time, while Alternative Tourism represents a modern small-scale tourism.Furthermore, Alternative Tourism is classified from Natural Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Events Tourism, and other forms of Tourism. UNWTO’s Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts that international arrivals will reach 1. 6 billion by the year 2020. East A sia and the Pacific is on the second place in the top three regions that are expected to have a high volume of tourist arrivals of with a number of 397 million. According to the Department of Tourism (DoT), the volume of tourists from January to April 2012 has increased by 14. 61% from last year’s 1,306,944 to this year’s 1,497,851.Koreans are still in the 1st rank on the most numbered of tourist which accumulates to 330,343 which is 22. 05% of the total visitor inflow. Followed by Americans with a figure of 239,978 which is 16. 02% of visitor share. National Statistical Census Board (NSCB) used the 2010 data from DoT offices and come up that Metro Manila has 2. 3 million domestic arrivals. (Expat, 2012) One of the most popular tourist destinations in Manila is the walled city of Intramuros. It was built on 1571 by the Spaniards during their occupation.It came from Latin words â€Å"intra muros† which literally means â€Å"within the walls†. It is the old est district in Manila that is surrounded by thick, high walls. (Philippine Country) In 2003, former DoT Secretary Richard Gordon has chosen Intramuros to be the venue of â€Å"Best of Regions† – a year-long event for the â€Å"Visit Philippines 2003†. (Manila Bulletin, 2003)————————————————- In able to help in the preservation of the historical place of Intramuros, the researcher aims to assess the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the area. ———————————————— | 5. 0 Significance of the Study Research is an important tool to help specific group/s of individual to test, to evaluate, and to discover new things that will be later beneficial to them. Developing Gastronomic Tourism in a historical place like Intramuros can have a great effect to th e local community and to other related areas of Tourism. This study aims to benefit the following groups. 1. Department of Tourism. An increase in the volume of tourists coming in to your locality is a good indication of a growing industry.It is directly proportional to employment, income, and infrastructure. It also reflects the potential of the place in the field of tourism. 2. Intramuros Administration. The result will give them the information on how can Gastronomic Tourism affects the tourism business in Intramuros. 3. Travel Brokers. This includes Travel Agents and Travel Wholesalers that offer tour packages in Intramuros. They can attract more tourism consumer especially foreign tourists by including a more personal Filipino experience than their usual travel pattern. . Foreign and Local Tourists. One of the reasons why people travel is to satisfy their gastronomical cravings. Giving them the chance to experience authentic Filipino cuisine from different regions of the countr y by just visiting one place can help them to save time and money. 5. LPU. A huge part of the school’s population is from the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management; hence this research may be useful to the students from the said college as their reference material. 6.Future Researchers. Tourism and Culinary related courses are now on its peak; the result of this study can give other students further information that they can be used in the future. | 6. 0 Scope and Limitation (with population and sample) The study will focus on Gastronomic Tourism, a subset of Cultural Tourism, wherein the researcher will enumerate all programs being imposed by the Department of Tourism and Intramuros Administration in order to restore the heritage site of Intramuros.This information will be used in weighing the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in restoration of Intramuros and in weighing the current status and development of the said subset of Tourism. The researcher will give out survey questionnaire which will be delimited to international and domestic tourists coming in at Fort Santiago, Intramuros. The researcher will get the average number of tourist (N) from July 9 to 11, 2012 at 8a. m. to 5p. m. and will use the Slovin’s formula to come up to the total number of respondents (n) that will be used in the study.There will be an age bracket to maintain the reliability of data that will be gathered. | 7. 0 Working Bibliography (Include bibliography and web bibliography) 1. www. world-tourism. org 2. Best of Metro in Intramuros. Retrieved from October13, 2004, http://www. travelsmart. net/article/105571/ 3. Intramuros Manila Philippines. Retrieved from 2006, www. philippinecountry. com/philippine_tourist_spot/intramuros. html 4. Ramos, R. (2012, June24-July7).Battle Over Top Tourist Destination Not Over Yet? Expat, pp. 1| 8. 0 Gantt Chart of Activities| Type of Activity| June| July| | | | Gantt Chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | R efine your topic with your advisor| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Approval of topic| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Draft of chapter 1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Submission of research proposal chapter 1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. 0 Research Related Costs| |Details| Amount (in Pesos)| Printing| | Panel Fees| | Research Binding (LPU Publications Office)| | 10. 0 Profile of ResearcherName: France Kayla M. Villamor Age:20 Gender: Female| | Birthdate: July 17, 1992 Course: BSIHM-HRA| | | | Proposal Evaluation Rating: _______| Endorsed by:Leonardo Hogar D. R. D. M_______ | Evaluated by:Joseph Monzon_______________| Evaluated by:_Dr. Gerald Abergos| Research Adviser | Research Panelist| Research Panelist|

America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example

America’s Post America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Name: Course: Date: America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains The American Civil War or the War between the States was fought from 1860 to 1866 between the Northern group of U.S. and numerous slave states in the Southern region that demanded secession from the greater North America with the intent of forming the Confederacy or the Confederate States of America. The original cause of the civil war included the controversial issue of slavery. After four years of deadly battles, the Southerners were overpowered, slavery was done away with and the cumbersome processes of Reconstruction, reinstating unity and certifying the rights to slaves began. Impact of the two major historical turning points on America’s current standing The period between 1865 to1900 that was also known as the Reconstruction era, various economic and social events took place that greatly shaped North America. The American Farm Unrest is one such event that was highly supported by disgruntled farmers who were displeased with the worsening political and economic conditions. To counter these effects, farmers grouped themselves into political parties, interest groups and cooperatives to increase their influence. Examples of these groups include the Patrons of Husbandry that tackled transport and business issues and The Farmers’ Alliance that stressed on marketing and state intervention. The industrial change commonly known as ‘The Incorporation of America’ was another major occurrence that was featured during this period. These changes included building of steel factories, railroad expansion and other related developments such as large-scale corporations. Impact of turning points in America The changes in the industrial sector that were boosted mainly by the surplus capital, numerous resources and infrastructure had various effects on the socio-political environment. The expansion of the railroad system resulted in increased consumption of steel and coal within the areas where the system was being expanded. The railroad contributed towards the inception of the modern stockholder corporations. The Reconstruction also triggered increased focus by entrepreneurs such as Cornelius Vanderbilt into commercial activities and created the phenomenon of ‘robber batons’ that were essentially wealthy individuals engaging in ship and rail transport. The Reconstruction period ushered in an era of increased participation in politics especially among the black Americans residing in the South. President Lincoln and the Reconstruction period Abraham Lincoln was regarded by many as America’s best president. However, during the Reconstruction period, a large section of the population in the South viewed him as their ultimate adversary and tyrant. The main source of this hatred was the idea that President Lincoln was more focused on rebuilding the Union rather than reconstructing the South. Most of his proposals and policies were geared toward coercing the South into treaties with the Union for instance the 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction for states provided they swore allegiance to the Union and the stand against slavery (Feldman, 2004). If President Lincoln had not been assassinated, the Reconstruction process would have been more wholesome and faster. His generous and fair approach toward the South meant that the President was prepared to work with all the citizens of the United States of America to ensure they maximized their Reconstruction efforts. Effect of industrialization and urbanization during the Reconstruction period The Reconstruction period was characterized by accumulation of personal wealth, poverty and development. The United States of America became progressively urban, and cities sprung up with higher population and size. Skyscrapers and expansive transportation systems became the hallmark of every city. There was an increased volume of immigration with people from various countries moving into the ‘Golden Land of America’ from as far as Mexico, China, Middle East and Russia. On the political scene, focus shifted away from the mafia bosses such as George Cox and William Marcy Tweed and more toward institutionalized welfare system that improved the level of education, security and housing. Urbanization provided a ready market and an opportunity for research and development for technological products. Innovators such as Samuel Morse and Thomas Edison found a chance to develop products that improved communication in the world. People living in urban areas also developed a cultur e of increased consuming that saw the rise of supermarkets, convenience and department stores such as Macys, Woolworths and Sears Roebuck (Kaplan Valls, 2007). Discriminatory laws against non-white citizens and immigrants The various policy amendments during the Reconstruction period were known as Jim Crow laws. The laws were discriminatory against the black population within America. They prohibited black Americans from certain schools, public transportation, restaurants and public spaces. This discrimination was openly expressed by White Democrats who misappropriated their influence to isolate public spaces and amenities through the law and reinstate social control over African-Americans in the South (White, 2012). The Jim Crow laws succeeded in imposing a strict racial segregation, relegating black people to substandard schools and other public amenities, forcing taxes and literacy tests with the intention of eliminating black people from either vying or voting, and achieving judicial support for discrimination. The Black Codes were another set of laws that also limited the civil rights and liberties of African-Americans. In areas such as Texas, these laws were embraced strictly and resulted in bl ack people being reinstated the ‘slave’ label. The judicial system therefore played a major role in consenting to the amendment of most laws to include discriminatory articles that subjected the black community to economic and social hardships. References Feldman G. (2004). The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama, Athens: University of Georgia Press Kaplan J. Valls A. (2007). Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations. Public Affairs Quarterly. Retrieved from http://people.oregonstate.edu/~kaplanj/Reparations.pdf White R. (2012). The Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved from gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/essays/rise-industrial-america-1877-1900

Dy Shampoo Report Essay Example

Dy Shampoo Report Essay Example Dy Shampoo Report Essay Dy Shampoo Report Essay Dry Herbal Shampoo Spray Marketing Plan The hair care market is weathering the global recession but as Emma Reinhold reports, brands need to be mindful of consumer spending habits and adapt accordingly. You are never too young or too old to start taking care of your hair. In fact, hair care and protection should be an essential part of your health, fitness, and beauty regime. If you take care of your hair, your skin will take care of you! However, with all of the shampoos, creams, and potions in the market, it can be difficult to know which product will work for you. No time to shampoo? No problem! Clear the way for the newest innovation in dry shampoo spry: Dry shampoo spry Invisible sprays on clear, which means its completely undetectable in the hair and is ideal for all hair color. When applied, it instantly boosts volume and cleanses the hair without water. The end result is hair that looks and feels freshly shampooed, without a trace of residue. Its an invention that wont save the world but it sure will save the number of Bad Hair Days you have. You know those days when the alarm didnt go off and now youre late for work. Or you fell asleep on the plane and now youre minutes away from meeting your fiances parents for the first time with smashed bangs. To the rescue: dry shampoo spry, a waterless way to freshen and restyle hair when you cant indulge in a regular shampoo and blow out. We love saving time and look for any excuse to be lazy A fast fix for dirty hair. What it does: Dry shampoo spry is the ultimate time saver. It refreshes, revives, and rejuvenates the hair in a matter of minutes. it effectively soaks up oil, removes product build-up, and boosts volume. Hair looks, feels, and smells freshly shampooed Portable and convenient, fresh can be used anywhere at any time to keep hair fresh, luminous and voluminous in between washes. It can also be used 5-6 hrs after wash bath, because the ingredients which are used in it are the mixture of both herbal and scientific ingredients. So the impact will be effective more likely. Due to the fact Pakistani market is more conscious about herbal way treatment. Simply spray it on, brush it through – and hair is gently and beautifully restored. Fresh! Dry herbal shampoo spray uses the power of nature and science to ‘dry’ clean hair – leaving it refreshed, revived and rejuvenated. This line accurately paralleled the marketing reality that women men think of their hair as being dry, oily, or normal, and they do not believe that any one shampoo can meet their individual requirements. The dry herbal shampoo spray works for absorbing oil. It also is scented so it’ll leave a bit of that fragrance behind. But it doesn’t clean your hair nearly as well as a regular shampooing. It also may leave a white residue and can leave hair feeling gross. However, if you want to skip a shampooing day or two this product is good in a pinch. It’s also good for color treated hair because it will help reduce the amount of color lost. The idea behind dry herbal shampoo spray is to remove excess oil from hair follicles without having to actually wash the hair using a traditional shampoo and water. It is not unusual for households to keep a small amount of dry shampoo spry on hand as part of an emergency hygiene kit. In the event that water is not available, the dry shampoo spry spray compound can be applied and provide at least a partial cleansing of the hair. Price: With the dry shampoo spry spray being produced, price is another factor that the producer has to think of carefully. Dry shampoo spry spray is a high-involvement product, 1 in terms of the quality of the ingredients, class of the target audience, the production costs are competitive; and meets the required profit and the consumer needs. Place: Concerning the place of distribution, PG needs to storm his brain to allocate suitable places to reach the target group. Places relating to distribution are: wholesalers, retailers, and intermediaries. Promotion: There are two important strategies the push strategy and the pull strategy, in order to gain the consumer’s cooperation. The push strategy is a technique by which a PG convinces there sellers to order or buy products through the channel of distribution so that the resellers can make a profit. For example, using the technique of the incentive, giving a gift when buying more, and so on. The consumer is attracted to the product through the service from the retailer, via promotional tools such as coupons, sweepstakes, rebates, and free samples, known as the pull strategy in the form of advertising. The marketing strategy for dry shampoo spry spray is ‘the segmentation approach’ where the aim is to collectively target one (niche) market.

PR FINAL PROJECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PR FINAL PROJECT - Research Paper Example The industry further requires PR executives to work for long hours, including weekends, and even standing in the rain or snow to check in invitees while earning diminutive salaries that are not convenient (Brown 1). Given the intertwined nature of the entertainment industry and other industries, PR executives must be updated on what is taking place in the world generally. Intrinsically, it requires one to have passion for such a job to endure the shortcomings thereof and not just being interested in the glamour (Walker 1). PR Agencies hire staff to execute their various obligations to their clients, depending on the area of interest. One can be hired as an account representative in either a movie theatre, a film production company or by an entertainer as publicists. Publicists are engaged in managing and representing entertainer’s image before the eyes of the public. This is done by ensuring that Web sites, TV shows, newspapers, and magazines contain good press about the entertainer (Kennedy 1). An account manager for a film production company is responsible for the exploration and lurching of novel film coverage opportunities, the establishment and maintenance of a potent relationship with the media, and the creation of exciting campaigns that are integrated digitally (SAR 1). Movie theatre’s account representatives establish and uphold membership schemes and formulate initiatives that will urge people to visit the movie theatre habitually (The National Advisory Public Body for Theatres 1). PR departments for an entertainment company that does not outsource its public relations tasks may hire a candidate, who fulfills the criteria set out, to help answer journalists when they inquire about the company, represent the company in public appearances and interviews (Media 1). Having garnered sufficient experience in the field of PR, it is a lucrative job

Legal Forms of Business Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Forms of Business Paper - Essay Example Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship is a kind of business structure wherein a business is to be carried by an individual or a married individual alone. If Miguel chooses this type of business structure he will find it is easy to operate, enjoy the profits and have the benefit of the flexibility of management. A sole proprietorship has fewer legal controls but at the same time has an unlimited personal liability (Reed, n. d.). Example: Miguel launches food services. The name of the company is Miguel’s Food Services. The name comes from the name of its sole owner, Miguel Garcia. Miguel invested $50,000 from his own funds and borrowed $100,000 from the bank for the business. Let us assume that the business failed after several months of operation, and he still owes the bank the amount of $50,000. As a sole owner, he is liable to pay the bank the whole amount from his personal assets. Miguel will find it difficult to attract investors under this set up. Because he is new in this kind of business, there is also the possibility of the flaw of management, as he does not possess the necessary skills needed in the business. Partnership A partnership is a kind of arrangement wherein two or more persons (not a married couple) agree to contribute money, labor, and skill to a business (Reed, n. d). Example: Let us suppose that Miguel accepts Peter as a general partner, each of them shares in the management of the business, shares in the profit and losses of the company and both of them are equally liable for the debt of the company. Each party must agree to the participation of its partner, and the partners can do it orally, in a written form or implied, and no formalities are required. It should be a good practice to have a written agreement to avoid future disputes (Cheeseman2010). Thus, Miguel, and Peter as business partners should write articles of partnership that spell out their terms of agreement in management, profit, or loss. Their Food Service does no t pay federal income taxes. Instead each partner should pay his or her income tax separately. This way, the government can trace if they declare their income and losses properly. General partners have the right to share in the management and also to share in the profits. Under the rule, no partner is allowed to receive a compensation for his performance in the business unless otherwise agreed upon. However, a partner is allowed reimbursement for business travel expenses and expenses incurred for the business. Limited Partnership Another possibility for Miguel is to consider the limited partnership wherein he can be a general partner and accept partners on a limited basis. As a general partner he manages the business and shares fully in its profits and losses. The limited partners share the profits of the organization but their losses are limited only to their shares in the company (Reed, n. d.) Let us take this example. The company is registered as Best Food Services, Ltd. The word Ltd. signifies that partners have limited participation in the company. Miguel, Peter, and James are partners. Miguel is the general partner; Peter and James are limited partners.